Prvi grad sa neboderima na svetu se nalazi u Jemenu i ne prestaje da fascinira turiste i stručnjake svojom ljupkom arhitekturom koja se uzdiže u surovom pustinjskom krajoliku, a zbog koje je nazvan pustinjskim Menhetnom.
Evropske putnike je tek krajem 19. vijeka put doveo do bajkovitog grada u pustinji. Grad je postao svjetski poznat jer je njegov bajkoviti šarm predstavljao zgodne kulise za snimanje filma „Hiljadu i jedna noć“ 1974. Stari grad Šibam je 1982. uvršten na Unescov spisak Spomenika kulturne baštine.
Grad Šibam u istočnom Jemenu je naseljen još od 3. vijeka prije nove ere. Položaj naselja nije slučajno odabran: naselje je građeno u srednjem toku vadija korita rijeke koje je povremeno ispunjeno vodom. Cijela pokrajina je dobila ime po vadiju koji kroz nju protiče – po Vadi Hadramautu, najvećem povremenom riječnom toku na celom Arabijskom poluostrvu. Zbog svog položaja, grad je bio stjecište trgovaca začinima i drugim artiklima. Prije islamizacije je predstavljao prestonicu antičke kraljevine Hadramauta.
Povoljan položaj je nosio sa sobom i izloženost napadima nomadskih plemena, pa su u zgradama donje prostorije bile namenjene za čuvanje stoke, a gornje su bile za stanovanje (poput rimskih insula). Manjak plodnog zemljišta je bio dodatni razlog za graditelje da baziraju rast grada na vertikalnu osu tako da se grad vremenom širi u visinu a površina mu ostaje relativno mala. Zgrade imaju od 5 do čak 11 spratova, a neke su visoke i po 30 m. Unutrašnje konstrukcije su od drvenih greda.
Većina zgrada u Šibamu datira iz 16. vijeka, iako je neophodno svaku zgradu povremeno obnavljati. Zgrade su građene od cigli sačinjenih od gline pomiješane sa slamom. Tako napravljena smjesa se sipa u drveni četvrtasti kalup da bi se dobio oblik nalik cigli, a zatim se nekoliko dana suši na suncu. Ovaj tip gradnje je fascinantan i zbog svoje ekološke strane- korišteni su prirodni resursi i nema nikakve opasnosti za okolinu.
Šibam predstavlja jedan od prvih primjera urbanog planiranja koje uključuje višespratnice. Ovaj grad se može posmatrati kao svojevrsni muzej na otvorenom: tu ljudi i dalje na isti način kao pre pet stotina godina prave materijal za obnovu oko 500 gusto poredanih zgrada, odvojenih pravim ulicama. Šibam predstavlja izraz praktičnih potreba stanovnika pustinje usklađenih sa mogućnostima koje ona pruža. Visoke zgrade u zemljanim tonovima, sa fino rezbarenim prozorskim okvirima se savršeno uklapaju u krajolik sa planinama i pijeskom.
ENGLISH VERSION:
European travelers was only late in the 19th century led the way to a mythical city in the desert. The city became world famous because of its fairy-tale charm represented a nice backdrop for the filming of "The Arabian Nights" in 1974. The old city of Shibam in 1982 was included on the UNESCO list of cultural heritage.
City of Shibam in eastern Yemen has been inhabited since the 3rd century BC. The position of the settlement was not chosen: the resort is built in the middle course wadi riverbed that is periodically filled with water. The whole province is named after the wadi that flows through it - at Wadi Hadramaut, the largest intermittent river flow in the entire Arabian peninsula. Because of its location, the city was the meeting place of traders spices and other articles. Before Islamization was a capital of the ancient Kingdom of Hadramaut.
The favorable position he carried and exposure to the attacks of nomadic tribes, and in the buildings of the lower rooms were designed for the protection of livestock, and above were for housing (like the Roman insula). The lack of fertile land was another reason for builders to increase the city based on the vertical axis so that the city is spreading gradually in height and its surface remains relatively small. The buildings are from 5 to 11 floors, and some are high and 30 m. The internal structure of the wooden beams.
Most of the buildings in Shibam dates back to the 16th century, although it is necessary to periodically renew each building. The buildings were built of bricks made out of clay mixed with straw. Once created, the mixture was poured into a square wooden mold to give a shape like a brick, and then dried for several days in the sun. This type of construction is fascinating because of its ecological parties ie natural resources are used and there is no danger to the environment.
Shibam is one of the first examples of urban planning that includes high-rises. This city can be seen as a sort of open-air museum: the people still in the same way as five hundred years ago the right material for the reconstruction of approximately 500 close-set buildings, separated by real streets. Shibam is an expression of the practical needs of the inhabitants of the desert aligned with the opportunities that it provides. Tall buildings in earth tones, with finely carved window frames fit perfectly into the landscape with mountains and sand.
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